电动汽车将成为赚钱工具？汽车圈内卷态势下，欧阳明高指出这一价值洼地

　　“V2G（车网互动）是一块重要的价值洼地，电动汽车将充电免费甚至成为赚钱工具、纯电动将占据市场绝对主体地位。”此前，全国政协常委、清华大学教授欧阳明高在2025泰达论坛上如此表示。

　　据悉，今年4月，国家四部委公布了首批车网互动规模化应用试点名单，涉及上海市等9个城市及30个项目，这也意味着我国车网互动规模化应用进入实质性推进阶段。

　　在汽车行业竞争愈发激烈的情况下，欧阳明高的此番发言，将行业目光聚焦至这一被忽视的赛道。那么，这一价值洼地，能否在行业“内卷”态势下撕开一道裂痕？

　　多家车企抢先布局，V2G成技术竞争新赛道

　　在刚刚开幕的IAA 2025慕尼黑展会上，宝马以一款壁挂式专业双向充放电桩，再次引领行业视线，也为V2G技术在欧洲乃至全球的普及按下了加速键。

　　事实上，目前国内外主流车企已积极展开V2G技术研发与落地布局。

　　在外资品牌中，日产作为早期探索者，其Leaf车型在国外已支持V2G充放电应用；特斯拉也正逐步在部分市场推出双向充电功能试点；由宝马、本田、福特和日产合资成立的初创企业——ChargeScape，也于今年7月宣布与PSEG长岛电力公司合作开展一项创新计划，首次将电动汽车纳入该机构的“峰值负载削减计划”。

　　国内阵营中，比亚迪凭借刀片电池与自研双向充放电技术，已在深圳、广州等地参与电网调峰示范项目；蔚来通过换电站网络与电网协同，探索“换储充放”一体化应用模式；广汽埃安等企业也推出支持V2G功能的车型，并与南方电网合作推进小区和园区级应用。

　　“在应用与推广方面，车网互动应用场景广泛，在建筑领域（房-车-网）和交通领域（车-能-路-云）以及园区等均有较大应用空间。”欧阳明高强调。

　　据欧阳明高提供的数据，目前车用磷酸铁锂电池衰减到70%一般可满充满放循环3000次，日历寿命一般10-15年，按单次续航500公里，500次循环即可满足一般家用轿车10~15年最大25万公里总里程，富余2500次循环电池包（按70千瓦时）最大可储能炒电近15万度。按照0.2~0.5元的价差计算，有些地区价差可达7.5万元，已经接近当前部分轿车的价格。

　　8月初，广汽昊铂宣布在广州地区启动首批V2G充电桩车主招募活动，成功获得首批V2G功能使用资格的昊铂车主，不仅能享受半年内最高4000元的收益补贴，还可免费获得价值850元的V2G智能充放桩。

　　新能源3.0时代，需突破V2G大规模应用瓶颈

　　长远来看，V2G为交能融合描述出广阔的前景。

　　欧阳明高表示，以2025年全国城市车网互动为起点，2030年后车网互动将逐步成为中国分布式储能的重要载体。

　　据预测，2050年，电动汽车保有量至少3.5亿辆，每辆车平均电量70千瓦时，则车载储能容量超过240亿千瓦时，与中国当前每天消费总电量相当。考虑出行需求，电动汽车每日参与电网调度平均电量可达140亿千瓦时。电动汽车对电网功率支撑的能力可达到29~35亿千瓦，约为当年全国电网非化石装机功率的一半。

　　与此同时，新能源汽车与新能源电力协同互动滚动发展。按照2030年风电光伏总装机量达到30亿kW，风电光伏发电量预计达到4.5万亿kW·h左右。按照国家电网预测2030年全社会用电13.3万亿kW·h，则可再生能源发电量占比将超过50%。

　　随着各种储能的规模化发展，预计2030年开始进入可再生能源消费，也就是以绿电为主体的新能源3.0时代。

　　当绿电逐步成为电力消费主体，电动汽车将成为真正的而且能效最高的新能源汽车。

　　不过，尽管前景广阔，V2G的大规模推广仍面临诸多挑战。目前V2G车辆规模有限，仍需统一通信协议与放电标准。电池衰减与循环寿命问题也引发部分用户顾虑。与此同时，V2G尚未形成成熟的商业模式，如何平衡车主、车企、电网与运营商之间的利益仍需进一步探索。

　　值得注意的是，企业的积极行动，离不开国家上下相关政策的有力支撑。截至2025年8月，据盖世汽车不完全统计，全国上下已累计发布15条V2G领域的相关政策。

　　9月12日，广州市工业和信息化局关于印发了《广州市建设国家车网互动规模化应用试点城市工作方案（2025-2027年）》的通知。

　　明确提出，力争到2025年底，接入政府监管平台的智能有序充电站达到600座，智能有序换电站达到130座，智能有序充电桩达到2.8万个，接入广州虚拟电厂平台的车网互动聚合资源达到43万千瓦。至2025年底，常态化参与电力削峰填谷的V2G充电桩和V2G车辆实现“双过千”，V2G放电量不低于150万千瓦时，2026年放电量不低于200万千瓦时，2027年放电量不低于250万千瓦时。

　　可以预见的是，随着更多车企加快V2G功能车型的推出、电网企业加大调节资源采购力度，以及国家层面持续完善电价与激励机制，欧阳明高所预言的“车网互动价值洼地”正在加速从愿景走向现实。

Will electric vehicles become a tool for making money? Under the trend of internal competition in the automotive industry, Ouyang Minggao pointed out this value depression

V2G (Vehicle to Network Interaction) is an important value valley, where electric vehicles will be charged for free and even become a tool for making money, and pure electric vehicles will occupy an absolute dominant position in the market. ”Previously, Ouyang Minggao, a member of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference and a professor at Tsinghua University, made this statement at the 2025 TEDA Forum.

It is reported that in April this year, the four ministries and commissions of the country announced the first batch of pilot lists for the large-scale application of car network interaction, involving 9 cities including Shanghai and 30 projects. This also means that the large-scale application of car network interaction in China has entered a substantive promotion stage.

In the increasingly fierce competition in the automotive industry, Ouyang Minggao's speech has focused the industry's attention on this neglected track. So, can this value depression tear open a crack in the industry's "internal competition" situation?

Multiple car companies take the lead in layout, V2G becomes a new track for technological competition

At the just opened IAA 2025 Munich exhibition, BMW once again led the industry's attention with a wall mounted professional bidirectional charging and discharging pile, and also pressed the accelerator button for the popularization of V2G technology in Europe and even globally.

In fact, mainstream domestic and foreign car companies have actively launched V2G technology research and development and implementation layout.

Among foreign brands, Nissan, as an early explorer, has already supported V2G charging and discharging applications for its Leaf model abroad; Tesla is also gradually launching pilot programs for bidirectional charging in some markets; ChargeScape, a startup jointly established by BMW, Honda, Ford, and Nissan, also announced in July this year that it is partnering with PSEG Long Island Power Company to launch an innovative program that includes electric vehicles in the agency's "peak load reduction plan" for the first time.

In the domestic camp, BYD has participated in power grid peak shaving demonstration projects in Shenzhen, Guangzhou and other places with its blade battery and self-developed bidirectional charging and discharging technology; NIO is exploring an integrated application model of "battery swapping, storage, charging, and discharging" through the collaboration between battery swapping stations and the power grid; Enterprises such as GAC Aion have also launched vehicle models that support V2G functionality, and are collaborating with Southern Power Grid to promote community and park level applications.
Image source: TEDA Forum Image source: TEDA Forum

In terms of application and promotion, the car network interaction has a wide range of application scenarios, with significant application space in the fields of construction (house car network), transportation (car energy road cloud), and parks, "emphasized Ouyang Minggao.

According to data provided by Ouyang Minggao, currently, lithium iron phosphate batteries for cars can be fully charged and discharged for 3000 cycles when they decay to 70%, with a typical calendar life of 10-15 years. With a single range of 500 kilometers, 500 cycles can meet the maximum total mileage of 250000 kilometers for a typical family sedan for 10-15 years. The battery pack with 2500 cycles (at 70 kWh) can store up to 150000 kWh of electricity. Calculated based on a price difference of 0.2~0.5 yuan, some regions have a price difference of up to 75000 yuan, which is close to the current price of some sedans.

In early August, GAC Haobo announced the launch of the first batch of V2G charging pile owner recruitment activities in Guangzhou. Haobo owners who successfully obtained the first batch of V2G function usage qualifications can not only enjoy a maximum profit subsidy of 4000 yuan within six months, but also receive a V2G intelligent charging and discharging pile worth 850 yuan for free.

In the era of New Energy 3.0, it is necessary to break through the bottleneck of large-scale V2G application

In the long run, V2G has broad prospects for the integration of transportation and energy.

Ouyang Minggao stated that starting from the national urban vehicle network interaction in 2025, vehicle network interaction will gradually become an important carrier of distributed energy storage in China after 2030.

It is predicted that by 2050, the number of electric vehicles will be at least 350 million, with an average electricity consumption of 70 kilowatt hours per vehicle. Therefore, the on-board energy storage capacity will exceed 24 billion kilowatt hours, which is equivalent to China's current daily total electricity consumption. Considering travel demand, the average daily electricity consumption of electric vehicles participating in grid dispatching can reach 14 billion kilowatt hours. The ability of electric vehicles to support the power of the power grid can reach 2.9-3.5 billion kilowatts, which is about half of the non fossil installed power of the national power grid that year.

At the same time, new energy vehicles and new energy electricity are developing in a coordinated and interactive manner. According to the expected total installed capacity of wind and photovoltaic power to reach 3 billion kW by 2030, the wind and photovoltaic power generation is expected to reach around 4.5 trillion kW · h. According to the forecast of State Grid Corporation of China, the total electricity consumption in society will reach 13.3 trillion kW · h by 2030, and the proportion of renewable energy generation will exceed 50%.

With the large-scale development of various energy storage technologies, it is expected to enter the era of renewable energy consumption, which is the new energy 3.0 era dominated by green electricity, starting from 2030.

As green electricity gradually becomes the main consumer of electricity, electric vehicles will become the true and most energy-efficient new energy vehicles.

However, despite its broad prospects, the large-scale promotion of V2G still faces many challenges. At present, V2G vehicles have limited scale and still require unified communication protocols and discharge standards. The issues of battery degradation and cycle life have also raised concerns among some users. At the same time, V2G has not yet formed a mature business model, and further exploration is needed to balance the interests of car owners, car companies, power grids, and operators.

It is worth noting that the proactive actions of enterprises cannot be separated from the strong support of relevant national policies. As of August 2025, according to incomplete statistics from GAC Motor, a total of 15 V2G related policies have been issued nationwide.

On September 12th, the Guangzhou Municipal Bureau of Industry and Information Technology issued a notice on the "Work Plan for Guangzhou to Build a Pilot City for National Vehicle Network Interactive Large scale Application (2025-2027)".

It is explicitly stated that by the end of 2025, we will strive to have 600 intelligent and orderly charging stations connected to government regulatory platforms, 130 intelligent and orderly battery swapping stations, 28000 intelligent and orderly charging piles, and 430000 kilowatts of vehicle network interactive aggregation resources connected to the Guangzhou virtual power plant platform. By the end of 2025, V2G charging stations and V2G vehicles that participate in power peak shaving and valley filling on a regular basis will achieve "double over thousand", with a V2G discharge capacity of no less than 1.5 million kWh, a discharge capacity of no less than 2 million kWh in 2026, and a discharge capacity of no less than 2.5 million kWh in 2027.

It can be foreseen that with more car companies accelerating the launch of V2G functional models, power grid companies increasing their efforts in regulating resource procurement, and the continuous improvement of electricity prices and incentive mechanisms at the national level, the "car network interaction value depression" predicted by Ouyang Minggao is accelerating from vision to reality.